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1.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 77(4): 401-406, dic. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-902794

ABSTRACT

El carcinoma epidermoide del hueso temporal es una neoplasia derivada de células epidérmicas del estrato espinoso, y que dado su baja incidencia, y presentación clínica similar a un cuadro de otitis media crónica colesteatomatosa, su diagnóstico es habitualmente tardío. El estudio del carcinoma epidermoide del hueso temporal se realiza con tomografía computarizada, la que evidencia erosión ósea. Sin embargo, existen distintos diagnósticos diferenciales, tanto malignos como benignos, que pueden provocar hallazgos similares en la tomografía computarizada. La resonancia magnética (RM) es un método de exploración de gran valor complementario para el estudio del carcinoma de oído medio. La RM con secuencia de difusión HASTE ha surgido como herramienta de estudio en patología de hueso temporal, tales como colesteatomas y teratomas de oído medio, pese a esto, no existen reportes en la literatura de la presentación imagenológica del carcinoma epidermoide de hueso temporal utilizando este método. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente con carcinoma epidermoide de oído medio, cuyo estudio preoperatorio incluyó RM-HASTE. Aun cuando se requiere un mayor número de casos para establecer el patrón imagenológico, se concluye que esta técnica es de utilidad para diferenciar este tumor de otitis media crónica colesteatomatosa.


Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone (SCC) is a malignancy originated from epidermis spinous cells. Its low incidence and similar presentation to cholesteatomas, contributes to its late diagnosis. The most widely used study for this tumor is computed tomography (CT), which mainly evidences erosion of the temporal bone. There are several other diagnoses, malignant and benign, that could provoke similar findings at the CT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method of great value to study SCC. MRI with HASTE diffusion sequence has recently emerged as an important tool in the study of temporal bone pathologies, such as cholesteatoma and middle ear teratoma, despite this, there are no reports in the literature of the imaging presentation of SCC using this method. This article presents a clinical case of a patient with SCC, in whose preoperative study was performed HASTE-MRI. Although a larger number of cases are required to establish an imaging pattern, it is concluded that this technique is useful to differentiate this tumor from middle ear cholesteatomas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Skull Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Temporal Bone , Ear Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnostic imaging , Skull Neoplasms/surgery , Skull Neoplasms/pathology , Ear Neoplasms/surgery , Ear Neoplasms/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
2.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 77(4): 412-416, dic. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-902796

ABSTRACT

El tratamiento quirúrgico del vértigo se puede dividir en dos grandes grupos: no ablativos y ablativos, dentro de éstos últimos se encuentra la laberintectomía quirúrgica, técnica con la cual se produce cofosis. Su principal indicación es la sintomatología vestibular periférica invalidante, unilateral, que no mejora con medidas farmacológicas ni con terapia psiquiátrica, asociado a hipoacusia sensorioneural severa a profunda. Existen dos tipos de abordajes para realizar la laberintectomía quirúrgica: transmastoidea y transcanal, siendo la primera el gold standard para eliminar la función vestibular. Se presentarán dos casos clínicos de pacientes sometidos a estos procedimientos, uno por vía transmastoidea y otro por vía transcanal.


The surgical treatment of vertigo can be classified into two main groups: non-ablative and ablative. The surgical labyrinthectomy is an ablative treatment in which no hearing is preserved. Its main indication is the disabling peripherical and unilateral vestibular symptoms that do not improve with pharmacological measures or with psychiatric therapy, in patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. There are two types of approaches for labyrinthectomy, transmastoid and transcanal, the first is the gold standard to eliminate the vestibular function. Here, we present two cases of patients undergoing these procedures, one by transmastoid approach and the other by transcanal approach.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Otologic Surgical Procedures , Vertigo/surgery , Ear, Inner/surgery , Meniere Disease/surgery
4.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 75(2): 145-155, ago. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757896

ABSTRACT

El diagnóstico de colesteatoma es fundamentalmente clínico, pudiendo ser complementado con imágenes. Últimamente, el uso de resonancia magnética con secuencia HASTE ha surgido como herramienta diagnóstica sensible y específica para colesteatoma, permitiendo diferenciar éste del tejido inflamatorio-fibrótico presente en pacientes que han sido sometidos a cirugía de oído previa. En este trabajo se presentan cuatro casos de pacientes con antecedente de cirugía de oído y sospecha de colesteatoma en el mismo oído operado, realizándose RM HASTE y cirugía posterior. Obtuvimos una alta correlación entre la imagen y resultado quirúrgico. Se requiere mayor número de pacientes para determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad en el diagnóstico de colesteatoma en pacientes con cirugía de oídos previa.


The diagnosis of cholesteatoma is mainly established by clinical signs, and can be improved by radiological imaging. Recently, the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with HASTE sequence has emerged as a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for cholesteatoma, which allows differentiating it from inflammatory-fibrotic tissue present in patients who have undergone previous surgery ear. Here, we present four cases of patients with a history of ear surgery and a suspected cholesteatoma in the same ear, performing HASTE MRI and subsequent surgery, presenting a high correlation between MRI and surgical outcome. More patients are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of cholesteatoma inpatients with previous ear surgery.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/diagnosis , Postoperative Period , Reoperation , Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/surgery
5.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 74(3): 249-258, dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734849

ABSTRACT

El sistema auditivo nos permite detectar e interpretar las señales acústicas del medio ambiente y así modificar nuestro comportamiento. En humanos la corteza auditiva se ubica en el giro temporal superior del lóbulo temporal. Esta corteza presenta una organización estructural y funcional característica, que se ha identificado en muchas especies de mamíferos. Las áreas de organización de la corteza auditiva son: (i) una región central denominada corteza auditiva primaria o core, que corresponde al primer nivel de procesamiento, cuyas características cito-arquitectónicas y funcionales principales son poseer una capa IV prominente y presentar una organización tonotópica especular. Además, (ii) una región circundante conocida como cinturón o belt, que corresponde a las cortezas secundarias que participan de la localización espacial y reconocimiento del sonido, como también en el procesamiento del habla. Por último, (iii) las áreas de asociación auditiva integran la información auditiva con la de otros sistemas sensoriales. En este artículo se revisan las bases neuroanatómicas y las propiedades funcionales de la corteza auditiva, las que constituyen pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos del procesamiento auditivo central.


The auditory system allows us to detect and interpret the acoustic signals of the environment and thus change our behavior. In humans, the auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe. This cortex has a characteristic structural organization and functionality that have been identified in many mammalian species. The auditory cortex has different organizational areas: (i) a core called "primary auditory cortex," which corresponds to the first level of processing, and its cyto-architectural and physiological main features are to present a prominent layer IV and to display a mirror-tonotopic organization. In addition, (ii) a surrounding region known as belt that corresponds to the secondary auditory cortices and participates in the location and recognition of sound, as well as in speech processing. Finally, (iii) auditory association areas that integrate auditory information with other sensory systems. In this article, the neuroanatomical bases and functional properties of auditory cortex processing are reviewed. These topics constitute the foundations for the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic procedures of central auditory processing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Auditory Cortex/anatomy & histology , Auditory Cortex/physiology , Functional Laterality
7.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 73(3): 243-248, dic. 2013. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-704553

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El colesteatoma es una entidad clínica que se presenta principalmente en edades medias de la vida. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, el cual apunta a erradicar la enfermedad, mientras que mantener o mejorar la audición es un objetivo secundario. Existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas siendo la aticoantromastoidectomía con o sin preservación de la pared posterosuperior del conducto auditivo externo la más utilizada. Objetivos: Caracterizar a la población sometida a tratamiento quirúrgico del colesteatoma en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile y determinar los cambios auditivos posoperatorios. Material y método: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en donde se analizan los procedimientos quirúrgicos entre los años 2007y 2012. Se registran y analizan datos individuales, valores audiométricos pre y posoperatorios y tipo de cirugía realizada. Resultados: Se incluyen 143 pacientes con promedio de edad de 41 años, siendo el 56% de sexo masculino. El 54,5% fueron aticoantromastoidectomía; 21,6% aticoantrostomía; 16,7% aticoantromastoidectomía más timpanoplastía IIIA y 6,7% aticoantromastoidectomía más timpanoplastía IIIB. Los umbrales auditivos se mantuvieron en la aticoantrostomía, en la aticoantromastoidectomía y en la aticoantromastoidectomía con timpanoplastía tipo IIIB, mientras que la audición mejoró significativamente en las aticoantromastoidectomía con timpanoplastía tipo IIIA. Conclusión: La técnica mayormente utilizada en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile para el manejo del colesteatoma es la aticoantromastoidectomía con o sin preservación de la pared posterosuperior del conducto auditivo. Aquellos pacientes a los que se les asocia una timpanoplastía tipo IIIA presentan una mejoría auditiva significativa.


Introduction: The cholesteatoma is a clinical entity that presents mostly in middle ages. The definitive treatment is surgery; which aims to eradicate the disease, while maintaining or improving hearing thresholds is a secondary goal. Several surgical techniques have been described, being the tympanomastoidectomy with or without preservation of the postero-superior wall of the external auditory canal the most commonly used. Aim: To characterize the population that underwent surgical treatment forcholesteatoma in the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile and to determine the post-surgical hearing thresholds changes. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of the surgical procedures carried out between the years 2007 and 2012. Individual data, pre and post-surgical treatment audiometric values and types of surgery are registered and analyzed. Results: 143 patients were included with a 41 year age average, 56% were males. 54,4% of surgeries were tympanomastoidectomy; 21,6% atticotomy; 16,7% tympanomastoidectomy with type IIIA tympanoplasty and 6,7% tympanomastoidectomy with type IIIB tympanoplasty. Hearing thresholds were maintained in atticotomy, tympanomastoidectomy and tympanomastoidectomy with type IIIB tympanoplasty, while hearing thresholds improved in the tympanomastoidectomy with type IIIA tympanoplasty reconstruction. Conclusion: The most used technique for cholesteatoma treatment in the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile was tympanomastoidectomy with or without preservation of the posterosuperior wall of the external ear canal. Patients who had a type IIIA tympanoplastyimproved their hearing thresholds.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Auditory Threshold/physiology , Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/surgery , Hearing/physiology , Postoperative Period , Audiometry , Tympanoplasty , Retrospective Studies , Age Factors , Treatment Outcome , Mastoidectomy
8.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 73(2): 174-188, ago. 2013. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-690564

ABSTRACT

El sistema eferente auditivo está constituido por el sistema olivococlear y por vías descendentes que provienen de la corteza auditiva y se dirigen a la cóclea. El sistema olivococlear se divide en una porción medial y una lateral, con neuronas que inervan a las células ciliadas externas y a fibras del nervio auditivo respectivamente. El principal neurotransmisor de las sinapsis olivococleares es acetilcolina, y tanto las células ciliadas externas como las fibras del nervio auditivo poseen receptores para esta molécula. El sistema eferente córtico-coclear se origina en la capa V y VI de la corteza auditiva y proyecta a los colículos inferiores y complejo olivar superior, donde a través del sistema olivococlear se conecta con el órgano receptor auditivo. En este artículo se revisan importantes hallazgos obtenidos en los últimos años que involucran (i) nuevos neurotransmisores y receptores del sistema eferente auditivo; (ii) vías descendentes de la corteza auditiva y su rol fisiológico sobre las respuestas cocleares y (iii) rol del sistema eferente auditivo en patologías audiológicas y neuropsiquiátricas.


The auditory efferent system is composed by the olivocochlear fibers and descending projections that originate in the auditory cortex and end in the cochlea. The olivocochlear system is divided into a medial and lateral division, with fibers directed to the outer hair cells and to the auditory nerve fibers respectively. It is known that acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the olivocochlear synapses and that outer hair cells and auditory nerve fibers have receptors to this molecule. The cortico-cochlear efferent system originates in layers V and VI of the auditory cortex. These descending projections are directed to the inferior colliculus and superior olivary complex, a site in which the olivocochlear fibers emerge and connect the brain with the cochlear receptor. In this article recent discoveries obtained in the last years are reviewed: (i) new neurotransmitters and receptors of the olivocochlear system; (ii) anatomy and physiology of descending pathways from the auditory cortex to the cochlea and, (iii) clinical role of auditory efferents in audiological and neuropsychiatric pathologies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Auditory Cortex/physiology , Auditory Pathways/physiology , Cochlea/physiology , Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology , Efferent Pathways/physiology , Neurons, Efferent/physiology , Auditory Cortex/physiopathology , Auditory Pathways/physiopathology , Cochlea/cytology , Efferent Pathways/physiopathology
9.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 73(2): 189-199, ago. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-690565

ABSTRACT

La percepción musical es una experiencia que no sólo involucra componentes cognitivos, sino también respuestas emocionales acorde a la experiencia y cultura del sujeto. El procesamiento musical se inicia a nivel periférico en el sistema auditivo, y a nivel central se divide en diferentes regiones cerebrales que se ocupan del análisis de la organización melódica y temporal, además del análisis del repertorio. Por lo tanto, es necesaria una gran red neuronal córtico-subcortical ascendente y descendente, entre ambos hemisferios y además conexiones hacia el cerebelo, que permiten la creación de la percepción musical. Los trastornos de la percepción musical se pueden clasificar a grandes rasgos, en amusia y alucinaciones musicales. La amusia, en términos generales, es la pérdida específica de la percepción musical, que puede ser congénita o adquirida. Un grupo creciente de pacientes con amusia adquirida son la mayoría de los usuarios de implante coclear. Por otro lado, las alucinaciones musicales son descripciones verbales de experiencias sensoriales acústicas de tipo musical que no están explicadas por un estímulo externo y están presentes en pacientes con patología neurológica y psiquiátrica, pero también en personas con sordera profunda bilateral. Actualmente, existen disponibles algunos instrumentos para evaluar las alteraciones de la percepción musical, siendo la batería de Montreal para la evaluación de amusia, una de las pruebas musicales más utilizadas que permite estimar las habilidades perceptuales y de memoria en adultos y recientemente también en niños. Los trastornos de la percepción musical son patologías emergentes con impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.


Music perception is an experience that involves cognitive and emotional sensations according to the cultural background of the subject. The musical processing begins at the periphery in the auditory system and then in the central level is divided in melodic and temporal processing including the musical repertory. An extensive cortical and subcortical neuronal network is needed for the creation of the musical experience including ascending and descending pathways, both cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. Musical perception disorders can be classified in two main groups; amusia and musical hallucinations. Amusia corresponds to the inability to recognize musical tones that can be congenital or acquired. A growing group of acquired amusia patients is the majority of cochlear implant users. On the other hand musical hallucinations are the perception of music without an external stimulus, which can be produced by neurologic and psychiatric states, but also in persons with profound bilateral deafness. Nowadays the Montreal battery of evaluation of amusia is available to evaluate the perceptual skills and memory in adults and child; this test allows the detection of musical perception disorders that are seen as an emerging group of diseases with an important impact in life quality of our patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Auditory Perceptual Disorders/physiopathology , Music , Pitch Perception
10.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 72(3): 278-281, dic. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-676834

ABSTRACT

La cefalea es uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en medicina y se clasifica como primaria en cefaleas tensionales o migrañas y secundaria a tumores, infecciones u otras causas. Dentro del grupo de cefaleas o algias faciales secundarias se plantea la existencia del cuadro clínico de cefalea rinogénica generada por puntos de contacto de la mucosa de la cavidad nasal. En este artículo se presenta un caso de una paciente que posterior al fracaso del tratamiento farmacológico para migraña, consultó por algia facial persistente. Al realizar un examen clínico y con tomografía computarizada de las cavidades perinasales, se diagnosticó una cefalea rinogénica por contacto de mucosa secundaria a una displasia fibrosa del cornete medio. La resección quirúrgica del punto de contacto a través de una turbinectomía media realizada por cirugía endoscópica nasal abolió totalmente el dolor facial. Este caso recalca la utilidad y necesidad del estudio de las cavidades perinasales en aquellos pacientes que presentan cefalea o algia facial.


Headache is one of the most frequent symptoms in medicine that can be classified as primary, like tensional headache and migraine or secondary as in tumors, infections, or other causes. Rhinogenic headache is proposed as a clinical entity secondary to mucosal contact points within the nasal cavity. In this article we present a case of a patient that after a pharmacological treatment failure for migraine, consulted for sustained facial pain. After clinical examination and a paranasal sinus computed tomography, a rhinogenic headache secondary to middle turbinate fibrous dysplasia was diagnosed. Endoscopic surgical extirpation of contact mucosal points by a medial turbinectomy produced complete abolition of facial pain. This case illustrates the need and utility of studying paranasal sinus in those patients with headache or facial pain.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Turbinates/pathology , Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone/surgery , Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone/complications , Headache/etiology , Turbinates/surgery , Facial Pain/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone/diagnostic imaging
11.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 71(3): 203-206, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612121

ABSTRACT

Introducción: A pesar de las ventajas de la audición biaural, el manejo quirúrgico del segundo oído en pacientes con otoesclerosis bilateral fue por años un tema controversial debido a su riesgo potencial de hipoacusia sensorioneural. Objetivo: Describir los resultados audiológicos y quirúrgicos en pacientes operados bilateralmente por otoesclerosis en nuestro hospital entre 1988-2011. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de 56 pacientes en quienes se realizó cirugía de otoesclerosis en ambos oídos, mediante revisión de fichas clínicas. Resultados: En 13,5 por ciento de 415 pacientes se realizó cirugía bilateral. La edad promedio fue 44,2 +/- 7,7 (hombres) y 42,0 +/- 10,4 años (mujeres). La mejoría de los umbrales auditivos aéreos promedios en la primera y segunda cirugía fue de 33,6y 29,2 dB respectivamente, mientras que la de los umbrales óseos fue de 7,0y 3,0 dB correspondientemente. Las dificultades quirúrgicas para la primera y segunda cirugía fueron, respectivamente: platina flotante 0 por ciento y 2,5° por ciento, platina obliterada 5,4 por ciento y 5,1 por ciento, nicho profundo 5,4 por ciento y 0 por ciento, facial proscidente 38,5 por ciento y 43,2 por ciento, facial dehiscente 18,2 por ciento y 13,8 por ciento y sección de cuerda del tímpano 2 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento. Discusión: Los resultados auditivos del segundo oído son comparables a los de la primera cirugía. Esto, junto a la ausencia de complicaciones significativas, apoya la realización de intervenciones quirúrgicas bilaterales en otoesclerosis. Conclusión: La cirugía del segundo oído en hipoacusia bilateral por otoesclerosis es una alternativa segura y confiable.


Introduction: Despite the advantages of binaural hearing, surgical management of the second ear in patients with bilateral otosclerosis was for years a controversial topic due to the risk of sensorineural hearing loss. Aim: To describe the surgical and audiological results of patients with bilateral surgeries for otosclerosis in our hospital between 1988-2011. Material and method: Retrospective study based on clinical charts revision. Results: 13.5 percent of the 415 patients underwent bilateral surgery. The average age was 44.2 +/- 7.7 (men) and 42.0 +/- 10.4 years (women). There was a 33.6 dB improvement in average air-conduction hearing thresholds in the first surgery and 29.2 dB for the second, while the mean bone-conduction improved 7.0 and 3.0 dB for the first and second surgery correspondingly. The surgical difficulties found in the first and second surgeries were, respectively: floating platens 0 percent and 2.5 percent, obliterated platens 5.4 percent and 5.1 percent, deep niche 5.4 percent and 0 percent, facial overhang 38.5 percent and 43.2 percent, dehiscent facial 18.2 percent and 13.8 percent and chorda tympani section 2 percent and 5.7 percent. Discussion: Hearing results for the second ear were comparable to the first surgery. This, together with the absence of significant complications, supports a bilateral surgical approach. Conclusion: Surgery of the second ear in bilateral hypoacusia due to otosclerosis has proven to be a safe and reliable alternative.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Stapes Surgery , Otosclerosis/surgery , Otosclerosis/epidemiology , Audiometry, Pure-Tone , Retrospective Studies , Cochlear Implants , Hearing Loss/surgery , Treatment Outcome
12.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 71(3): 249-256, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612128

ABSTRACT

El diagnóstico del colesteatoma de oído es eminentemente clínico y su estudio complementario con imágenes se realiza con tomografía computarizada de cortes finos. En casos seleccionados de colesteatomas es necesario realizar un estudio con resonancia magnética (RM), utilizando habitualmente las secuencias T1 con gadolinio y T2. Se ha reportado alta especificidad y sensibilidad diagnóstica para colesteatoma con técnicas de difusión (DWI) en RM. Estas técnicas pueden ser montadas sobre secuencias no echo planares y rápidas, como la secuencia HASTE (Half Fourier Single Shot Turbo-spin Echo), que permiten obtener imágenes sin artefactos de susceptibilidad magnética en la interface entre el hueso y lóbulo temporal. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de la literatura y cuatro casos clínicos evaluados en nuestro hospital en los que se utilizó la RM con secuencia DWI - HASTE. Se concluye que la RM con secuencia DWI - HASTE es una herramienta que permite tomar decisiones clínicas en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con colesteatoma.


The diagnosis of ear cholesteatoma is done by clinical evaluation and its imaging study is performed mainly by computed tomography. In selected cases, it is necessary to consider a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of cholesteatoma, usually using gadolinium T1 and T2 sequences. It has been reported that MRI diffusion techniques (DWI) have high specificity and sensitivity results for the diagnostic of cholesteatoma. These techniques can be mounted on non-echo planar fast sequences, such as the HASTE sequence (Half Fourier Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo), which allows the acquisition of images without any magnetic susceptibility artifacts at the interface between bone and the temporal lobe. This paper presents a literature review on the topic, and four clinical cases evaluated in our hospital, where MRI was used with DWI - HASTE sequence. We conclude that MRI with DWI - HASTE sequence is a useful tool for making clinical decisions in the assessment of a selected group of patients with cholesteatoma.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Middle Aged , Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/diagnosis , Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Predictive Value of Tests
13.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 71(1): 44-52, abr. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-591998

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los schwannomas no vestibulares de cabeza y cuello son tumores benignos, de baja frecuencia, que pueden producir gran morbilidad dependiendo de su ubicación. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile en el manejo de schwannomas no vestibulares de cabeza y cuello. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de los casos de schwannomas no vestibulares de cabeza y cuello diagnosticados entre los años 1998 y 2010. Se revisaron fichas clínicas, estudio de imágenes, protocolos operatorios y seguimiento clínico. Resultados: De un total de 6 pacientes: cuatro de sexo masculino y dos femenino; promedio de edad de 36 años. El tiempo promedio de evolución fue de 15,6 meses con una variación de 2 a 48 meses. En todos los pacientes se resecó completamente el tumor. El diagnóstico fue confirmado con histología en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Los schwannomas no vestibulares de cabeza y cuello son tumores de crecimiento lento, poco sintomáticos. Dado que el diagnóstico de certeza sólo se realiza por biopsia, se debe tener un alto índice de sospecha preoperatoria.


Introduction: Non vestibular head and neck schwannomas are benign tumors of low frequency that can produce great morbidity, depending on its location. Objective: Describe the experience of Otolaryngology Department from the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile in the management of non vestibular head and neck schwannomas. Material and method: Retrospective, descriptive study of the non vestibular schwannomas of head and neck diagnosed between the year 1998 and 2010. Clinical history, study of images, operative protocols and clinical follow-up were analyzed. Results: A total of 6 patients four male and two female, with a mean age of 36 years. The average time of evolution was 15.6 months with a range from 2 to 48 months. In all patients the tumor was excised completely. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology in all cases. Conclusions: The non vestibular schwannomas of head and neck are slow- grow tumors with few symptoms. Provided that the diagnosis of certainty is only realized by biopsy, it is necessary to have a high index of pre-operative suspicion.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neurilemmoma/surgery , Neurilemmoma/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Clinical Evolution , Time Factors
14.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 22(4): 305-309, 2011. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-647640

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Otosclerosis is a disease that produces a conductive hearing loss. It consists of an abnormal bone growth called otospongiosis that develops a stapes fixation. It is a hereditary disease but the specific cause is unknown. Its surgical management has shown good audiometric results and low complication rates. Aim: To describe the clinical experience in our Unit, with bilateral and unilateral surgeries in patients with Otosclerosis. Methods: A retrospective study on clinical charts revision. Results: 415 patients underwent surgery for Otosclerosis. 359 patients had a unilateral procedure and 56 patients had a bilateral surgery (13,5 percent). Mostly women (67,9 percent). There was no difference between the results of both ears. The Average air-conductive hearing improvement in the first surgery was 29,9 +/- 3,4 dB, and in the second surgery was 30,6 +/- 3,4 dB. The most frequent complication was the section of the chorda tympani (2 percent). Discussion: The surgical treatment for Otosclerosis is a safe procedure with excellent audiometrical results and low complication rates. Our results are similar to those in literature. The number of this procedure has increased every year in our institution and we have demonstrated that surgery in both ears is safe with good results.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Otosclerosis/surgery , Otosclerosis/diagnosis , Otosclerosis/epidemiology , Stapes Surgery
15.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 22(4): 310-317, 2011. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-647641

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SSCD) is a pathology described in 1998, which presents several symptoms including sound induced vertigo, hearing loss and autophony due to bone dehiscence of this semicircular canal. Material and Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out, reviewing the medical records of patients with computed tomography suggestive of SSCD between 2006 and 2010 from the Radiology department of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile. Results: We obtained six cases of SSCD (4 female) with a mean age of 52.7 years. SSCD was observed in four cases bilaterally and in two cases on the left ear. We confirmed a clinical syndrome in two patients, based on the presence of hearing loss and sound induced vertigo. Conclusions: The diagnosis of SSCD syndrome should be supported on both clinical and imaging studies. We should maintain a high level of suspicion, particularly in cases of sound induced vertigo and of conductive hearing loss with normal otoscopy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Labyrinth Diseases/diagnosis , Labyrinth Diseases/epidemiology , Labyrinth Diseases/pathology , Ear, Inner/pathology , Vertigo/diagnosis , Vertigo/epidemiology , Ear Diseases
16.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 22(4): 318-324, 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-647642

ABSTRACT

Neuroprosthesis or brain-machine interfaces are electronic devices created to directly interact with the nervous system for replacing an absent or damaged sensory or motor function. Three types of auditory neuroprosthetics devices have been developed in Otolaryngology, (i) cochlear implants, (ii) brainstem auditory implants and (iii) auditory midbrain implants. These devices allow young deaf children to acquire oral language and to restore auditory function in deafened adults. On the other hand, a new vestibular prosthesis that could be useful for patients with severe disequilibrium has been developed. Main characteristics and clinical utility of these prostheses are reviewed in this article.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Auditory Brain Stem Implantation/trends , Cochlear Implantation/trends , Prosthesis Implantation/trends , Auditory Brain Stem Implants/trends
17.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 21(2): 170-176, 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620981

ABSTRACT

Neonatal hearing loss affects 1-3 from every 1000 live newborns. For optimal language and social development, proper diagnosis and treatment must be established before the first 6months of age. In Chile, screening for hearing loss is only performed on high-risk newborns weighting less than 1500 grams. However, about half of the newborns with hearing loss have no risk factors. Given the importance of this disability and the fact that it can be effectively diagnosed, a universal detection program for hearing loss becomes necessary. Further more, effective treatments for hearing loss, like hearing aids and cochlear implants are available in several institutions of our country, including the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile. Worldwide, the most used screening methods are otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem evoked responses, the former, a test that detects the acoustic energy generated by the outer hair cells of the cochlea in response to a brief sound, and the latter a test that measures neural responses of the central auditory pathway. Both are objective and non-invasive techniques. Here we review evidences that support the need of creating a universal newborn hearing screening program in Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Hearing Loss/congenital , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Hearing Loss/genetics , Deafness/congenital , Deafness/diagnosis , Deafness/epidemiology , Deafness/genetics
18.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 68(3): 288-294, dic. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-520466

ABSTRACT

El penfigoide cicatricial o de mucosas es una patología que afecta principalmente a la mucosa oral y ocular. Sólo en 25% de los pacientes afecta también la piel y en alrededor de 10% de los pacientes compromete a la mucosa faringo-laríngea, produciendo en los casos severos disnea que incluso puede requerir traqueostomía. En el tratamiento del penfigoide cicatricial habitualmente se utilizan corticoides e inmunosupresores. En este artículo presentamos un caso de una mujer de 69 años con diagnóstico de penfigoide cicatricial que se manifiesta con disfagia y se comprueba con nasofibroscopía una estenosis supraglótica. Se discute el diagnóstico y manejo de esta patología poco habitual.


Cicatricial or mucous membranes pemphigoid is a rare pathology that affects mainly the ocular and oral mucosae. In only 25% of patients the skin is affected, and in 10%, the pharyngolaryngeal mucosa, resulting in serious cases in dyspnea that could even require a tracheostomy. Treatment is usually based on corticoids and immunosupressors. In this article we present the case of a 69 year old woman diagnosed with cicatricial pemphigoid, that presented dysphagia. A nasoendoscopy revealed supraglottic stenosis. Diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon disease are discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Laryngostenosis/etiology , Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane/complications , Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane/diagnosis , Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane/therapy , Dyspnea/etiology , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Oral Ulcer/etiology
19.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 68(2): 185-192, ago. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503427

ABSTRACT

El potencial de disparidad o mismatch negativity (MMN) corresponde a la respuesta eléctrica extraída del electroencefalograma que se produce frente a diversos cambios de las características del estímulo acústico. Se obtiene presentando al sujeto una secuencia de estímulos repetitivos de características acústicas similares (estímulo estándar) alternado en forma aleatoria con estímulos acústicos discrepantes que difieren del primero en alguno de sus atributos (estímulo discrepante). El MMN se originaría en la corteza auditiva primaria y se ha logrado registrar desde el nacimiento. No requiere la atención del sujeto, permitiendo evaluar en forma objetiva la discriminación de tonos y fonemas. En clínica se ha utilizado en evaluación del procesamiento auditivo central, pacientes con dislexia o trastorno específico del lenguaje, autismo, individuos con implante coclear e incluso en pacientes en coma. En el presente artículo se revisan las principales características, origen anatómico y utilidad clínica del MMN.


The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a specific component of the auditory event-related brain potentials. It is elicited by an infrequent, physically deviant sound (deviant-stimulus) occurring in a sequence of homogeneous repetitive sounds (standard-stimulus). MMN is probably generated in the primary auditory cortex and it has been successfully recorded in newborns. The MMN can be elicited even in the absence of attention and it can be used as an objective method to assess tone and phoneme discrimination. Some clinical applications of MMN are: evaluation of central auditory processing, patients with dyslexia or language specific disorders, autism, cochlear implant - users and even in prognosis of coma. In this article the main characteristics, origin and clinical applications of the MMN are reviewed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Auditory Cortex/physiology , Magnetoencephalography/methods , Memory/physiology , Auditory Perception/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology , Coma/diagnosis , Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis , Craniocerebral Trauma/diagnosis
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